The Selective Service Act: History, Purpose, and Significance

As the United States sought to contribute to the Allied Powers in World War I, President Woodrow Wilson and the Congress passed the Selective Service Act in 1917, establishing the conscription of men into military service. The law aimed to provide the necessary manpower to fight the war while preserving the nation’s freedoms and principles. In this article, we delve into the history, purpose, and significance of the Selective Service Act.

The Historical Context of the Selective Service Act

Before the enactment of the Selective Service Act, the United States had maintained a small professional army and a volunteer-based National Guard system. When World War I broke out in Europe, the U.S. initially declared its neutrality but later recognized the importance of contributing to the allied efforts. In 1916, the National Defense Act expanded the federal power to create a larger and more sophisticated army. However, voluntary enlistment and National Guard recruitment proved inadequate, and the U.S. entered the war with far fewer soldiers than its enemies.

As a result, President Wilson and the Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. The act required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for potential military service, with some exemptions for physical or mental disabilities, essential occupations, and religious or ethical beliefs. Under this law, more than 10 million men registered, and 2.8 million were drafted to serve in World War I. The conscription allowed for a much-needed expansion of the American Expeditionary Forces, which helped the Allies achieve victory.

The Purpose and Significance of the Selective Service Act

The Selective Service Act had several purposes, both immediate and long-term. First and foremost, the law aimed to provide the U.S. military with enough troops to fight effectively in World War I. The war was a total war that relied on the full mobilization of a nation’s resources, including its population. By drafting millions of men, the Selective Service Act bolstered the U.S. military’s numbers and thereby its chances of victory.

Secondly, the Selective Service Act demonstrated the government’s power to mobilize citizens for a common purpose. Conscription was an extraordinary measure that required a significant amount of public support and government legitimacy. The U.S. government had to convince the population that conscription was necessary for the survival of the nation and its values. The Selective Service Act also helped overcome internal divisions by making all men liable for military service, regardless of race, class, or ethnicity.

Finally, the Selective Service Act had long-term consequences for the nation’s relationship to war and military service. The act established the tradition of the draft, which would be used in several subsequent conflicts, such as World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The draft became a contentious issue in American politics, as it raised ethical, legal, and practical questions about the role of the state in individual lives, the nature of military service, and the morality of war.

Conclusion

The Selective Service Act was an essential piece of legislation in U.S. history, both for its immediate contribution to the victory in World War I and its long-term impact on American society and politics. The Selective Service Act demonstrated the government’s power to mobilize citizens for a common purpose, regardless of their differences, and established the tradition of the draft that would be used in future conflicts. The Selective Service Act was also significant because it raised ethical, legal, and practical questions about the relationship between the citizen and the state, the nature of military service, and the morality of war. Ultimately, the Selective Service Act remains an important reminder of the costs and challenges of mobilizing a nation for war.

What is the Selective Service Act of 1917?

The Selective Service Act of 1917 set up the system that gives the federal government the power to maintain a database of all male citizens and immigrants between the age of 18 and 25 for possible conscription.  In the event of the reinstitution of a military draft, the Selective Service database will provide the information of men to be conscripted.

Why do I register for the Selective Service?

Regardless of political views or personal philosophy, registration with the Selective Service is mandatory 30 days after a male citizen or immigrant turns 18.  Failure to register with the Selective Service will disqualify the individual from receiving federal aid, such as student loans and grants.  Additionally those that do not register with the selective service are not eligible for federal employment and immigrants will not be eligible for citizenship.  Prosecution of individuals that do not register stopped in the 80s owing to the difficulty of proving that the failure to register was willful.  One can only be punished for failing to register if the government can prove that the non-registration was willful and the individual was well aware of the legal obligation.

Who has to register for the Selective Service?

There are very few exceptions to the Selective Service registration requirements.  Conscious objectors must register and can only note their objection to military service in the event that they are called for a draft.  All male immigrants of the appropriate age must register, including refuges and illegal immigrants.  The Selective Service does not investigate immigration status, but failure to register can disqualify any type of immigrant from future US citizenship.

Men with disabilities must also register as the system makes no differentiation.  If the draft were to be called, all potential recruits would be subject to examination, where they are likely to receive and exemption.  As long as the disabled man lives at home and can leave the house on his own accord, he must register.  Disabled men in institutions and hospitals need not register.

Men already in the military or in military academies do not need to register, although if they leave the service before they turn 26, they must register.  Non-immigrants, such as international students and tourists need not register for the Selective Service.

Males at least 17 years and 3 months can begin to register for the Selective Service with the information automatically added to the system once they turn 18.

How do I register for the Selective Service?

There are several ways to register for the Selective Service.

Generally, a man may go to the Post Office and fill out the form there, leaving the SS# space blank until he manages to obtain one.  The forms are available at all US Post Offices.

High School students may register at their school with a staff member that is a Selective Service Registrar, who trained and authorized to help students register in the system.

For college students, the easiest method is to fill out a Federal Student Financial Aid (FAFSA) application, usually required by most schools and “checking” Box 22 on the form to register.  Further instructions will be sent by the Department of Education.  For those filling out the form online, they will be directed to the Selective Service website with instructions.

Additionally, all males may register online at the Selective Service System website:

(https://www.sss.gov/RegVer/wfRegistration.aspx)

How would the Selective Service be used in the event of a draft?

If a draft were to be called by the President and approved by Congress in a time of crisis, then conscription will be used to bolster the volunteer army.  Selected Service Offices and Boards on the local and district level will be activated for the purposes of administering the draft.

A lottery will be organized and individuals will be drafted in order of age, with 20 year olds eligible for drafting first, picked by a lottery ball that corresponds to their date of birth.  The lottery then proceeds to 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 year olds.  It will be rare to have a situation where 18 and 19 year olds are drafted, but their lottery order will proceed after the 25 year olds.  The lottery is a new provision to ensure fairness in drafting individuals and ending arbitrary terms in selecting individuals to be drafted.

After the conscripts are selected, the applicants must report for examination.  Should they pass the physical examination, the conscript will have ten days to file for an exemption, postponement or deferment.  All conscripts have the right to meet with the local board before being inducted to the military.  In the event that no exemption has been filed or that the claim has been denied, a local Selective Service Board will issue notices for the male to report for military induction at a processing station.  This entire process must take no more than 193 days to deliver recruits to the military.

How would one avoid military service if selected by the Selective Services?

There exists the process for men that pass medical evaluations to apply for certain classifications that would exempt them from military service.  These classifications include:

• 1-O Conscientious Objector- conscientiously opposed to both types (combatant and non-combatant) of military training and service – fulfills his service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker.

• 1-A-O Conscientious Objector – conscientiously opposed to training and military service requiring the use of arms – fulfills his service obligation in a noncombatant position within the military.

• 2-D Ministerial Students – deferred from military service.

• 3-A Hardship Deferment – deferred from military service because service would cause hardship upon his family.

• 4-C Alien or Dual National – sometimes exempt from military service.

• 4-D Ministers of Religion – exempted from military service.

Unlike previous wars, college students may no longer avoid military service by remaining in college until the age of 26.  The regulations defer the draft process until after the end of the current semester.

Conscientious Objectors must prove that the beliefs that bar him from military service play a central role in his life before the local board.  These beliefs are usually but not always religious and can be moral or ethical.  The reasons for objection cannot be political or motivated by self-interest.  The person’s lifestyle must reflect their beliefs.  An appeal can be filed with the Selective Service District Appeal board and the appeal may even proceed as high as the National Appeal Board if the district decision is not unanimous.

Some aliens, via treaty agreements with their home country can be exempted from American military service, although this option usually disqualifies that alien from US citizenship and reentry into the country.

What is Alternative Service?

Men that successfully receive conscientious objector status are placed the in the Selective Service Alternative Program.  From there, they will need to perform service vital to national health or safety.  This includes conservation, elder care, education and healthcare and typically lasts for 24 months.

What is the JAMRS?

Data collected from Selective Service is provided to the Joint Advertising Marketing Research & Studies, which is a Pentagon database of 16-25 year olds that collects personal information for recruitment purposes.  Data is also cleaned from the DMV and the College Board.  With this data, which includes racial and ethnic information, the Federal government will target individuals for recruitment.  Individuals can opt out of the database by sending a form letter (found here at www.nyclu.org/milrec/jamrs) directly to the program office.  The legality of this database was upheld in the court decision Hanson v. Rumsfeld although the DoD made concessions to enable opting out of the database and to “stop collecting Social Security Numbers, keep student information for only three years, restrict the ages of students included in the database, and maintain better privacy standards for student information.”

Source:

https://www.nyclu.org/milrec/jamrs

www.sss.gov

First Worship Center Opens at Processing Center for Immigrants

The United States has always been a country of immigrants, with people from all over the world coming here to find new opportunities for themselves and their families. However, when immigrants arrive, they face many challenges, from learning a new language to navigating a complex legal system. One of the most difficult challenges for immigrants is feeling isolated and disconnected from their communities. Many immigrants come from deeply religious backgrounds, and they may feel cut off from their faith communities when they arrive in the United States.

To help address this problem, the U.S. government has started to build worship centers in processing centers for immigrants. These centers are designed to provide a space for immigrants to practice their faith, connect with others who share their beliefs, and feel more connected to their home communities. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the first worship center to open in a processing center for immigrants and explore its impact on the immigrant community.

Background: Immigration in the United States

The United States has a long history of immigration, with millions of people from around the world coming to the country each year. According to the Migration Policy Institute, around 44.9 million immigrants currently live in the United States, making up roughly 13.7% of the total population. These immigrants come from a wide range of countries, with the majority coming from Mexico, India, China, and the Philippines.

Despite this rich history of immigration, the process of entering the United States can be incredibly complicated and difficult for many people. Depending on the individual’s circumstances, they may face a range of hurdles, including long waiting periods, high application fees, and complex legal processes.

For many immigrants, the journey to the United States can also be dangerous, with many risking their lives to cross the border or travel by sea. According to the United Nations Refugee Agency, more than 2,000 migrants have died or gone missing while attempting to cross the U.S. border since 2014. These hardships make it all the more important for immigrants to have a sense of community and support once they arrive in the United States.

The First Worship Center for Immigrants

The first worship center to open in a processing center for immigrants is located in a large facility in San Diego, California. The center was established to provide a space for immigrants to practice their faith, no matter what religion they happen to practice.

The center includes several prayer rooms, each designed to accommodate different religious practices. There is a room for Christians, decorated with crosses and other traditional symbols, as well as a room for Muslims, complete with prayer mats and a qibla wall pointing towards Mecca. There is also a room for Jews and one for followers of other religions.

In addition to providing a space for prayer and worship, the center also offers various other resources and services for immigrants. There is a library of religious texts and literature, as well as a kitchen for preparing traditional meals. Staff members are available to offer counseling and support services to immigrants, as well.

Impact of the Worship Center

The impact of the worship center on the immigrant community has been significant. According to staff members, the center has provided a sense of community and support for many immigrants who may otherwise feel isolated and disconnected from their home communities.

One immigrant who uses the center regularly, a woman from Mexico who requested anonymity, said that the center has helped her to maintain her faith and connect with others who share her beliefs. It’s like a home away from home, she said. I feel like I’m not alone here.

Other immigrants echoed these sentiments, with many expressing gratitude for the opportunity to practice their faith and connect with others in a similar situation. For people who are going through the difficult process of immigrating to a new country, having a sense of community and support can be a crucial lifeline.

Government Support for the Worship Center

The U.S. government has been supportive of the worship center, recognizing the importance of providing resources and support for immigrants. The center was established in 2019 as part of a pilot program by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).

In a statement, then-acting USCIS Director Ken Cuccinelli said that the center was designed to ensure that all those coming to our country have access to a place where they can practice their faith. Cuccinelli also noted that the center would help to fulfill our nation’s commitment to religious freedom.

More recently, the Biden administration has expressed support for the worship center and similar initiatives aimed at supporting immigrants. In a statement released in February 2021, President Biden announced plans to establish a task force to help reunite families who were separated at the U.S.-Mexico border and to restore our asylum system [4]. Such initiatives can help to create a more welcoming environment for immigrants and ensure that their needs are met during the immigration process.

Conclusion

The first worship center in a processing center for immigrants has already had a significant impact on the immigrant community, providing a sense of community and support for those going through the difficult process of immigrating to a new country. By recognizing the importance of religious freedom and community support, the U.S. government is taking steps to create a more welcoming environment for immigrants and ensure that their needs are met during the immigration process.

While there is still much work to be done to improve the immigration system in the United States, the establishment of the worship center is an important step in the right direction. Providing resources and support for immigrants can help to ensure that they are able to thrive and contribute to their communities, both in the United States and abroad.

On November 8, 2012, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) reported that the first-ever Detainee Intercultural Center was opened at the El Paso Processing Center.  The Center in Texas lets people in ICE custody reflect, worship, and meditate.

Sandra Marinelarena, the interim assistant field officer director, states: “The El Paso Processing Center is the only ICE detention facility in the country with such a dedicated center.”

The opening at the El Paso Processing Center was attended by Father Joseph Molina of Most Holy Trinity Catholic Church in El Paso.  He blessed the new building, but ministers in all religious denominations are available to give guidance at the Detainee Intercultural Center.

The El Paso Processing Center holds immigrant detainees who are currently waiting to be deported or waiting for their immigration case in the El Paso Immigration Court.  The new facility was converted out of an older building, and the center can now hold about 840 inmates.  The center is currently seeing an average attendance of 750 adult detainees every day.

ICE Field Office Director Adrian Macias stated: “The new Detainee Intercultural Center, not only serves the spiritual needs of people in our custody, but it’s part of the ICE’s larger effort to reform the immigration detention system as a whole.  For the past three years, ICE has been making a concerted effort to move away from a punitive immigration detentions system to one that’s more suited to civil immigration.  The Detainee Intercultural Center in El Paso is another positive step in that direction.”

The opening of the new Detainee Intercultural Center comes after government authorities reported they will start transporting illegal immigrants from Mexico to the interior of Mexico before they are released to local authorities.  The new initiatives reduce the chances of the deported immigrant joining a criminal organization or being killed.

Source: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

31 Criminal Aliens and Immigration Fugitives Arrested: A Comprehensive Look at Recent Developments

Immigration has been a hot button topic in the United States for decades, and the controversial issue has only been amplified by the current administration’s crackdown on illegal immigration. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has been given increased resources and latitude to enforce immigration laws, leading to frequent arrests of criminal aliens and immigration fugitives.

Recently, ICE announced the arrest of 31 criminal aliens and immigration fugitives across the state of New York. In this article, we will take a closer look at the details of these arrests, as well as the broader context of immigration enforcement in the United States.

Overview of Immigration Enforcement in the United States

To understand the significance of these recent arrests, it’s important to have a basic understanding of how immigration enforcement works in the United States. The primary agency responsible for enforcing immigration laws is Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), which operates under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).

ICE is responsible for identifying, arresting, and deporting individuals who are in the country illegally or who have violated immigration laws. This includes not only individuals who crossed the border illegally, but also those who overstayed their visas, committed crimes while in the country, or violated other immigration regulations.

The Trump administration has been vocal about its desire to crack down on illegal immigration, and has taken measures to increase ICE’s enforcement capabilities. This includes hiring more agents, expanding the use of detention facilities, and increasing cooperation between ICE and local law enforcement agencies.

Recent Developments: 31 Criminal Aliens and Immigration Fugitives Arrested

On April 4th, 2019, ICE announced that it had arrested 31 individuals in New York as part of a targeted enforcement action. According to a statement from ICE, the individuals had been identified as criminal aliens and immigration violators who posed a threat to public safety.

The statement went on to say that all of the targets in this operation were amenable to arrest and removal under the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act. Among the individuals arrested were:

– A 24-year-old man from Mexico who had been previously convicted of sexual abuse
– A 38-year-old man from Guatemala who had been previously convicted of assault with a deadly weapon
– A 37-year-old man from El Salvador who had been previously convicted of rape

In total, the individuals arrested hailed from 19 different countries, including Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Jamaica.

The operation was conducted by ICE’s Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) New York Field Office, with assistance from the agency’s Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) New York office. The individuals arrested are now facing deportation proceedings.

Reaction to the Arrests

The announcement of the 31 arrests sparked a range of reactions from various parties. Some praised ICE’s efforts to enforce immigration laws and remove criminal aliens from the country. Others criticized the agency for what they saw as aggressive and inhumane tactics.

New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, for example, issued a statement condemning the arrests. ICE’s reckless and relentless enforcement of federal immigration laws is tearing families apart and causing irreparable harm to communities across New York, he said.

Meanwhile, ICE officials defended the operation as a necessary part of their mandate to enforce immigration laws. These are not people who are just here illegally, said Thomas Decker, field office director for ERO New York. They are people who have criminal convictions, and they’re here illegally.

The Broader Context: Immigration Enforcement Policies under the Trump Administration

The recent arrests in New York are just one example of the Trump administration’s tougher approach to immigration enforcement. Since taking office in 2017, President Trump has taken a series of steps to increase ICE’s authority and target illegal immigrants.

One of the most controversial policies enacted by the administration is the so-called zero tolerance policy, which called for the prosecution of all individuals caught crossing the border illegally. This led to the separation of thousands of families, and sparked widespread outrage from the public and political leaders.

The administration has also sought to restrict legal avenues for immigration, including the DACA program that provides protections for young immigrants brought to the country as children. In addition, the administration has rolled out a series of policies designed to make it harder for immigrants to obtain visas, including:

– Restrictions on travelers from certain Muslim majority countries
– Changes to asylum policies that make it harder for individuals to qualify for protection
– Increased scrutiny of visa applications, including social media monitoring

These policies have been widely criticized by immigration advocates, who argue that they are discriminatory and inhumane. Critics also point to the fact that many of the individuals targeted by ICE are long-time residents of the United States with deep ties to the community.

Conclusion

The recent arrests of 31 criminal aliens and immigration fugitives in New York are just one example of the Trump administration’s efforts to crack down on illegal immigration. While supporters praise the administration’s tough stance on enforcement, critics argue that the policies are inhumane and discriminatory.

As the debate over immigration continues to rage, it’s clear that the issue will remain one of the most contentious and divisive topics in American politics. The future of immigration enforcement in the United States remains uncertain, but one thing is clear: it will continue to be a major focus for policymakers and law enforcement officials for the foreseeable future.

On November 6, 2012, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) announced that 31 criminal aliens, immigration fugitives, and people who violated their immigration were arrested in the Chicago area during a two-day operation.  The operation was led by ICE’s Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) teams throughout Chicago.

ICE reports that 26 of the 31 people arrested were previously convicted of a crime.  The crimes included aggravated assault, domestic battery, aggravated drunken driving, numerous weapons offenses, burglary, and drug offenses.  13 of those arrested were ordered to leave the United States but never departed from the country, and six of the incarcerated individuals were removed from the United States and entered the country again illegally.

22 of the people arrested were from Mexico.  Two were from Nigeria, one was form Germany, one was from Guatemala, one was form Honduras, one was from Poland, one was from Tajikistan, one was from Thailand, and one was from Venezuela.  The arrests were made in Chicago and the areas of Addison, Cicero, Bolingbrook, and Waukegan.

ICE gave summaries of two of the defendants.  The one is 51-years-old and from Mexico.  He was previously convicted of aggravated assault against a police officer, domestic battery, and illegal entry into the United States.  The other defendant is 64-years-old and from Germany.  He was an immigration fugitive and had a prior conviction for theft and possession of a firearm silencer.

Ricardo Wong, the field office director for ERO Chicago, stated: “ERO officers will continue to work tirelessly to improve the public safety in the Chicago area by locating, apprehending and removing at-large criminal aliens and repeat immigration violators who have blatantly disregarded the immigration laws.  With targeted enforcement operations, we are focusing our resources on the most egregious offenders while improving public safety for law-abiding residents in our communities.”

Source: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

G325: Overview, Application and Importance

G325 is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C13H19NO3. This compound is extensively used in the development and synthesis of various pharmaceuticals. The utility of G325 prominently lies in its capability of acting as a solution for specific challenges faced in the drug industry. Apart from this, it also exhibits versatility in other areas such as agricultural chemistry and food additives.

This article will give an overview of G325, its application, and its importance in the pharmaceutical industry.

What is G325?

G325 is a chemical compound formally known as N-Isopropyl-3-phenyl-3-(2-pyridyl) prop-2-en-1-amine. It is a secondary amine that displays a ligand-like character. The compound’s constitution can be classified into two primary parts: a central phenylpyridine that serves as an electron-confined π-conjugation scheme and a terminal isopropylamine that serves as a docking site to the metallic (II) cation. This binding configuration has proved to be essential for applications in the drug industry and has been extensively used to synthesize new molecules that combat various ailments.

G325 is typically produced through the condensation reaction between 2-aminopyridine and cinnamaldehyde, followed by reduction with Raney nickel or sodium borohydride. This synthesis process has an overall yield of 75 to 85 percent, which confirms the compound’s consistency and makes it cost-effective. This process makes it possible for G325 to be synthesized on a large scale.

Applications of G325 in the Pharmaceutical Industry

G325 is instrumental in the development of drugs across a range of therapeutic classes, such as antidepressants, antimicrobials, and anticancer agents. Its application in these areas of medicine is mainly due to its capability to form chelates with metallic cations such as copper, zinc, and cobalt.

Antidepressants

G325 has been emphasized in numerous research studies as a potential building block for antidepressant drugs. Antidepressants that have a phenylpyridine skeleton have proved to possess characteristics that serve as excellent inhibitors for monoamine reuptake transporters that serve as targets for drug development. The unique structural feature of G325, coupled with its admirable features as a monoamine inhibitor, has led to a proliferation of research into the compound’s antidepressant potential. Compounds with phenylpyridine structures that have a similar mechanism of action of G325 include reboxetine and viloxazine.

Antimicrobial Agents

G325 has shown a high level of antimicrobial activity in various studies. In one study, it was used to develop rhodanine derivatives that had bacteriostatic activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Other studies have shown it to be effective against strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The compounds derived from G325 have been shown to be effective against other infectious organisms such as fungi.

Anticancer Agents

Research studies have found that G325 derivatives can be used in the development of potential anticancer agents. Its role in cancer therapy is partly due to its potency as a chelating agent, which helps to boost the selectivity of the administered drugs. It’s also through the initiated synthesis of molecular compounds with increased selectivities and reduced toxicities that rely heavily on the G325 backbone skeleton.

Other Applications of G325

Apart from its importance in the development of drugs, G325 is also crucial in agricultural chemistry and food additives. For example, in agricultural chemistry, it is used to develop new herbicides, while in the food industry, it acts as a flavoring agent.

Research Progression on G325 in the Recent Past

In recent years, several research studies have been conducted to verify the therapeutic potential of G325. Most of these studies have been built around the strong pharmacodynamic ability of G325 compounds and its derivatives.

In one study, a hybrid molecule was formed by linking the G325 backbone with a chalcone structure. The newly synthesized compound exhibited better antimicrobial activity against several bacterial strains compared to the original G325 molecule.

Another study synthesized novel G325 derivatives and evaluated their efficacy against the Thymidylate Synthase inhibitors. The study discovered that simultaneous blocking of two binary inhibition sites served to produce compounds with enhanced binding affinities.

Conclusion

G325 can be described as a crucial building block for the development of several classes of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, including antidepressants, antimicrobials, and anticancer agents. This compound shows a wide range of pharmacological activity, primarily due to its capability to chelate metallic cations such as copper and cobalt. In addition to the drug industry, it finds applications in agricultural chemistry and food additives.

As research continues to elaborate on G325 and its derivatives’ therapeutic potential fully, it is likely that new drugs will emerge, offering better treatment prospects for various maladies. As the pharmaceutical market continues to grow and evolve rapidly, G325, and other compounds will remain at the forefront of innovation.

What is a G 325 a form?

A G 325 a form is a supplement form that an alien must complete with many other immigration documents.  The purpose of the G 253 a form is to create a biographical history of the individual seeking a green card or visa.  The information is used by the USCIS to conduct background searches and confirm that the alien is who he/she says they are.

What immigration forms require a G 325 a form?

A G 325 a form must accompany an N-400 Naturalization form; a fiancée visa, a family based green card and an I-485 form.

N-400 FORM

An N-400 form is an application for U.S. citizenship.  Individuals who may apply for this application include lawful permanent residents who have resided in the United States for at least 5 years and are at least 18 years old; a lawful permanent resident who has resided in the United States for at least 3 years and are at least 18 years old and have been married to and living with the same U.S. citizen for the last 3 years and the spouse has been a U.S. citizen for at least 3 years; or a permanent resident in the United States who has served in the U.S. Armed Forces and filing for naturalization while in the service or within 6 months of termination of service.

FIANCEE VISA

The K-1 nonimmigrant visa is for a foreign-citizen fiancée of a United States citizen.  The successful completion and approval of the form permits a foreign born fiancée to enter into the United States to marry a U.S. citizen within 90 days of arrival in the United States.

FAMILY BASED GREEN CARD

A family based green card is a way to conduct family based immigration.  In order to meet eligibility requirement for a family based green card an individual will need to file an I-130 petition for Alien Relative.  In conjunction with the completion of the petition the individual sponsoring the alien relative must show proof of legal status that is either U.S. citizenship or permanent residency; as well as proof of the family relationship.  The family based green card applies to all closely related relatives including brothers, sisters, parents, children and adoptive individuals.  In addition, it is required that the sponsor show proof that he/she is capable of supporting the family members.  The USCIS will require financial documentation as proof that the alien will not become a burden on society.  This form is called an I-864 form, or Affidavit of Support.

What is an I-485 form?

An I-485 form is also known as an application to register permanent residence or adjust status.  This form often coincides with an I-140 form (immigrant petition for alien worker) which is filled out by an individual’s future employer.  This is considered to be the second step in achieving green card status.  Its purpose is to insure that the employer is financially capable of paying the alien’s salary while he/she is working within the United States.

Is the form complicated?

Filling out a G 325 a form is about as complicated as filling out an employment application.  The form consists of 12 sections on a single page that are repeated over 5 pages.  The following information is needed in order to complete the form:

Line 1:  First, Middle, and Last names; sex; date of birth; nationality; and file number (if you have one)

Line 2:  Any known aliases, or other names used

Line 3:  The names of the alien’s parents

Line 4:  Information about the alien’s spouse including name, date of birth, nationality, etc.

Line 5:  Information about the alien’s former spouses including name, date of birth nationality, etc.

Line 6:  The alien’s residence over the past 5 years.

-This information should be listed in reverse chronological order with the most recent address listed first.

Line 7:  The alien’s last address maintained outside the United States for more than one year.

Line 8:  Alien’s employment over the last 5 years.

-List employers in reverse chronological order.  If you did not work, were self-employed

or unemployed it is important that this information is mentioned even if the work was illegal.

Line 9:  Alien’s last employment outside the United States.

Line 10:  The immigration form that the G 325 form is accompanying

Line 11:  Signature

Line 12:  First, Middle and Last name as well as the individuals Alien Registration Number

What is some of the information I supply in the form is incorrect?

It is not essential that every piece of information, such as exact addresses of former employers, but certain information must be accurate and the more discrepancies there are the more likely that an application will be denied.

Where can I find a G 325 a form?

One can receive a G 325 a form by downloading the documents straight from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services website located at www.uscis.gov.  You can also pick up a form, and all other documentation you may need by going directly to your local USCIS office.

FIFTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES:

At the Second Session,
Begun and help at the city of Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, on Monday, the thirteenth of November, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven.

An Act Concerning Aliens.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States at any time during the continuance of this act, to order all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, or shall have reasonable grounds to suspect are concerned in any treasonable or secret machinations against the government thereof, to depart out of the territory of the United Slates, within such time as shall be expressed in such order, which order shall be served on such alien by delivering him a copy thereof, or leaving the same at his usual abode, and returned to the office of the Secretary of State, by the marshal or other person to whom the same shall be directed. And in case any alien, so ordered to depart, shall be found at large within the United States after the time limited in such order for his departure, and not having obtained a license from the President to reside therein, or having obtained such license shall not have conformed thereto, every such alien shall, on conviction thereof, be imprisoned for a term not exceeding three years, and shall never after be admitted to become a citizen of the United States. Provided always, and be it further enacted, that if any alien so ordered to depart shall prove to the satisfaction of the President, by evidence to be taken before such person or persons as the President shall direct, who are for that purpose hereby authorized to administer oaths, that no injury or danger to the United Slates will arise from suffering such alien to reside therein, the President may grant a license to such alien to remain within the United States for such time as he shall judge proper, and at such place as he may designate. And the President may also require of such alien to enter into a bond to the United States, in such penal sum as he may direct, with one or more sufficient sureties to the satisfaction of the per- son authorized by the President to take the same, conditioned for the good behavior of such alien during his residence in the United States, and not violating his license, which license the President may revoke, whenever he shall think proper .

SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States, whenever he may deem it necessary (for the public safety, to order to be removed out of the territory thereof, any alien who mayor shall be in prison in pursuance of this act; and to cause to be arrested and sent out of the United States such of those aliens as shall have been ordered to depart therefrom and shall not have obtained a license as aforesaid, in all cases where, in the opinion of the President, the public safety requires a speedy removal. And if any alien so removed or sent out of the United Slates by the President shall voluntarily return thereto, unless by permission of the President of the United States, such alien on conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned so long as, in the opinion of the President, the public safety may require.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That every master or commander of any ship or vessel which shall come into any port of the United States after the first day of July next, shall immediately on his arrival make report in writing to the collector or other chief officer of the customs of such port, of all aliens, if any, on board his vessel, specifying their names, age, the place of nativity, the country from which they shall have come, the nation to which they belong and owe allegiance, their occupation and a description of their persons, as far as he shall be informed thereof, and on failure, every such master and commander shall forfeit and pay three hundred dollars, for the payment whereof on default of such master or commander, such vessel shall also be holden, and may by such collector or other officer of the customs be detained. And it shall be the duty of such collector or other officer of the customs, forthwith to transmit to the office of the department of state true copies of all such returns.

SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That the circuit and district courts of the United States, shall respectively have cognizance of all crimes and offences against this act. And all marshals and other officers of the United States are required to execute all precepts and orders of the President of the United States issued in pursuance or by virtue of this act.

SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for any alien who may be ordered to be removed from the United States, by virtue of this act, to take with him such part of his goods, chattels, or other property, as he may find convenient; and all property left in the United States by any alien, who may be removed, as aforesaid, shall be, and re- main subject to his order and disposal, in the same manner as if this act had not been passed.

SEC. 6. And be it further enacted, That this act shall continue and be in force for and during the term of two years from the passing thereof.

Jonathan Dayton, Speaker of the House of Representatives.
TH. Jefferson, Vice President of the United States and President of the Sentate.

I Certify that this Act did originate in the Sentate.
Attest, Sam. A. Otis, Secretary

APPROVED, June 25, 1798.
John Adams
President of the United States.

An Act Respecting Alien Enemies

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That whenever there shall be a declared war between the United States and any foreign nation or government, or any invasion or predatory incursion shall be perpetrated, attempted, or threatened against the territory of the United States, by any foreign nation or government, and the President of the United States shall make public proclamation of the event, all natives, citizens, denizens, or subjects of the hostile nation or government, being males of the age of fourteen years and upwards, who shall be within the United States, and not actually naturalized, shall be liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured and removed, as alien enemies. And the President of the United States shall be, and he is hereby authorized, in any event, as aforesaid, by his proclamation thereof, or other public act, to direct the conduct to be observed, on the part of the United States, towards the aliens who shall become liable, as aforesaid; the manner and degree of the restraint to which they shall be subject, and in what cases, and upon what security their residence shall be permitted, and to provide for the removal of those, who, not being permitted to reside within the United States, shall refuse or neglect to depart therefrom; and to establish any other regulations which shall be found necessary in the premises and for the public safety: Provided, that aliens resident within the United States, who shall become liable as enemies, in the manner aforesaid, and who shall not be chargeable with actual hostility, or other crime against the public safety, shall be allowed, for the recovery, disposal, and removal of their goods and effects, and for their departure, the full time which is, or shall be stipulated by any treaty, where any shall have been between the United States, and the hostile nation or government, of which they shall be natives, citizens, denizens or subjects: and where no such treaty shall have existed, the President of the United States may ascertain and declare such reasonable time as may be consistent with the public safety, and according to the dictates of humanity and national hospitality.

SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That after any proclamation shall be made as aforesaid, it shall be the duty of the several courts of the United States, and of each state, having criminal jurisdiction, and of the several judges and justices of the courts of the United States, and they shall be, and are hereby respectively, authorized upon complaint, against any alien or alien enemies, as aforesaid, who shall be resident and at large within such jurisdiction or district, to the danger of the public peace or safety, and contrary to the tenor or intent of such proclamation, or other regulations which the President of the United States shall and may establish in the premises, to cause such alien or aliens to be duly apprehended and convened before such court, judge or justice; and after a full examination and hearing on such complaint. and sufficient cause therefor appearing, shall and may order such alien or aliens to be removed out of the territory of the United States, or to give sureties of their good behaviour, or to be otherwise restrained, conformably to the proclamation or regulations which shall and may be established as aforesaid, and may imprison, or otherwise secure such alien or aliens, until the order which shall and may be made, as aforesaid, shall be performed.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the marshal of the district in which any alien enemy shall be apprehended, who by the President of the United States, or by order of any court, judge or justice, as aforesaid, shall be required to depart, and to be removed, as aforesaid, to provide therefor, and to execute such order, by himself or his deputy, or other discreet person or persons to be employed by him, by causing a removal of such alien out of the territory of the United States; and for such removal the marshal shall have the warrant of the President of the United States, or of the court, judge or justice ordering the same, as the case may be.

APPROVED, July 6, 1798.

FIFTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES:
At the Second Session,
Begun and help at the city of Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, on Monday, the thirteenth of November, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven.

An Act in Addition to the Act, Entitled “An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes Against the United States.”

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That if any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, which are or shall be directed by proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding a place or office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination, whether such conspiracy, threatening, counsel, advice, or attempt shall have the proposed effect or not, he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction, before any court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years; and further, at the discretion of the court may be holden to find sureties for his good behaviour in such sum, and for such time, as the said court may direct.

SEC. 2. And be it farther enacted, That if any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and willingly assist or aid in writing, printing, uttering or publishing any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government, or either house of the said Congress, or the said President, or to bring them, or either of them, into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them, or either or any of them, the hatred of the good people of the United States, or to stir up sedition within the United States, or to excite any unlawful combinations therein, for opposing or resisting any law of the United States, or any act of the President of the United States, done in pursuance of any such law, or of the powers in him vested by the constitution of the United States, or to resist, oppose, or defeat any such law or act, or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against United States, their people or government, then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted and declared, That if any person shall be prosecuted under this act, for the writing or publishing any libel aforesaid, it shall be lawful for the defendant, upon the trial of the cause, to give in evidence in his defence, the truth of the matter contained in publication charged as a libel. And the jury who shall try the cause, shall have a right to determine the law and the fact, under the direction of the court, as in other cases.

SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That this act shall continue and be in force until the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and one, and no longer: Provided, that the expiration of the act shall not prevent or defeat a prosecution and punishment of any offence against the law, during the time it shall be in force.

Jonathan Dayton, Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Theodore Sedgwick, President of the Sentate pro tempore.

I Certify that this Act did originate in the Sentate.
Attest, Sam. A. Otis, Secretary

APPROVED, July 14, 1798
John Adams
President of the United States.

Alabama’s new immigration law, harshest yet in the state, requires for anyone who cannot prove that they are legal in the country to be arrested. The new policy goes as far as to have schools check the status of its students, although they are still allowed to attend school, many are outraged by the practices.

Chief Deputy Randy Christian is wondering where to place the detainees as the jails are already suffering from overcrowding.

The new law threatens financial struggle to the the farming industry as most of the labor is done by illegal immigrants.

Obama administration acted to appeal the strict Alabama immigration law but we have yet to see how it will affect the situation. As of right now it is better to carry your ID with you or think about moving out of state if you do not have one.

The immigration reform legislation that has been introduced by the bipartisan Gang of Eight senators is now being marked up the Senate Judiciary Committee. It has proposed a total of 300 amendments to the 844 page bill. These amendments are certainly as diverse as the political ideologies of the senators who put them forth, ranging from protections to gay couples to efforts to increase border security. The obvious goals of some of the amendments are to dismantle the provisions in the legislation that would create a path to citizenship for the 11 million undocumented immigrants. However, most observers have stated that it is not very likely for the basic composition of the bill to change significantly, as its bipartisan supporters are likely to stick together to stop any major changes.

(More on  News at LAWS.com, contact Adam for interviews “adama@laws.com”)

The Republican side has proposed the bulk of the amendments – 194 of the 300 total – and most of these aims to further secure the American border. Republican Sen. John Cornyn of Texas submitted a lengthy plan, 70 pages long, to beef up border security and make it much more difficult for undocumented immigrants to get on the controversial path to citizenship. Other amendments proposed by Democrats, such as the amendment proposed by Democratic Sen. Patrick Leahy of Vermont that would make foreign born same-sex partners of American citizens eligible to apply for a green card, are also controversial.

The original legislation that was introduced by the Gang of Eight aims to expand legal immigration over the next decade, increase border security, and provide a path to citizenship to the 11 million undocumented immigrants in the country. This last provision in particular has naturally gained the support of many social justice and civil rights organizations, although some have voiced strong opposition to the length of time undocumented immigrants must wait before applying for citizenship, which is proposed to be 13 years. The bill also has provisions that aim to help refugees settle and integrate into American society.

It is these provisions specifically addressing the needs of refugees that have gained the support of the Refugee Council USA (RCUSA). RCUSA was founded in 2000 and it is a coalition of American NGOs dedicated to the protection of refugees. RCUSA provides advocacy on issues affecting the rights of asylum seekers, refugees, displaced persons, victims of torture and victims of trafficking in the United States and globally. RCUSA also serves as the main consultative forum for national refugee processing and resettlement agencies as they create common policies, conduct their relations with the American government and other strategic partners and enhance and support refugee service standards.

Laws.com conducted the following interview with Erol Kekic, RCUSA Chair and Director of the Immigration and Refugee Program at World Church Service, on RCUSA’s stance on the current immigration reform bill.

How do you feel about the immigration-reform bill being debated in the Senate?

Well, this is a long overdue issue. We have been very actively engaged, both directly through RCUSA as well through individual member activity, in trying to work towards the goal of having this bill finally introduced. We are very excited and optimistic, however cautiously, and look forward to working with the Senate and the House, as well as the administration, to make sure this bill becomes law.

What are some of the key changes you would like to see happen to U.S. immigration policy?

Firstly, I think it is incredibly important to balance the issues of national security and humane treatment of immigrants. However, the humanitarian nature of this bill should not be sacrificed in order to add additional security measures to already safe borders.

Immigration reform is necessary to make our nation’s immigration system more efficient, fair and secure. We strongly support the key reforms in the Senate Bill that would improve the lives of asylum seekers, refugees and the US communities that welcome them.

We are excited about the potential that 11 million undocumented immigrants bring to the US economy.

We are very optimistic about the provisions in the bill relating to refugee programs, especially Subsection E, where the important issue of refugee and immigrant integration is described. The Senate’s proposed legislation would transform USCIS’ Office of Citizenship into an expanded Office of Citizenship and New Americans that would be tasked with filling the void in coordination of integration programming, and bringing efficiency to federal programs affecting New Americans. The Bill further proposes creation of an innovative private-public partnership, the U.S. Citizenship Foundation, which would assist the federal government in meeting the civic integration needs of newcomers in a more cost-effective manner. The USCF would be authorized to accept private donations, which would be used to underwrite immigration, naturalization, and immigrant integration assistance; and to develop creative solutions to reduce barriers to naturalization. The USCF would also provide financial support to two competitive grants programs: the Initial Entry, Adjustment, and Citizenship Assistance (IEACA) Grant Program for eligible public or private nonprofit organizations to provide direct assistance to immigrants applying for immigration services; and a pilot grant program that would expand the capacity of local and state entities to help integrate new immigrants. This alone would be a great help with the argument that refugee resettlement is only a lifesaving program if we actually admit people – and with more resources to integrate them, receiving communities will be better prepared to extend the welcome.

There is a provision in this bill that would give the president authority to designate a group for resettlement for humanitarian reasons or if there is a national interest in doing so. However, is there not a danger that lobbying and politics will now start playing a greater role in determining which groups of refugees should be admitted, rather than a true need for help?

Well, I do not think what is being proposed in the bill is very radically different from what we already have in place. There is a process by which the State Department consults with the public and then makes recommendations for the president, who then in turn determines the annual admission ceiling and the makeup of populations to be considered for resettlement.

The information about groups who are to be considered for resettlement is debated quite vigorously with the State Department and national and local organizations, as well as the UNHCR. The guiding star is who needs the most help. So I am not concerned about the decision being politicized.

What we would like to see, however, is a real commitment to increase the refugee ceiling in years to come, because we have more capacity than is being utilized at this point in time. Secondly, we would like to see more resources dedicated to the domestic programs, because we do believe the Office of Refugee Resettlement is struggling with managing its multiple mandates with very limited resources. This impedes integration, and if integration is indeed the final goal of refugee resettlement, then we need to be able to measure that integration.

What are some of the major accomplishments of Refugee Council USA?

I think the biggest accomplishment over the last ten years or so is that the (refugee resettlement) program has stayed alive. I think it would not necessarily be so without the direct engagement of the members of the RCUSA. We have 25 members that represent a fairly wide cross section of American society. We have faith groups, secular agencies, large international NGOs and very small one-issue dedicated community based organizations.

Another accomplishment is that by working with the State Department, and other partners, we have raised the annual number of refugee arrivals to 70,000. We have recognized that our colleagues at the State Department have worked hard and created a pipeline that is steady and orderly, making programming on domestic side easier to manage.

If this legislation does not pass, what would be the next step for Refugee Council USA?

Well, we are here to stay! We believe that we represent a vast constituency in the United States and this constituency wants us to do this work on their behalf.

The RCUSA itself has been around since 2000, but some of the agencies that compose the RCUSA have been around for 130 years and others for somewhat less than that. The cross cut of our membership really wants us to be very intent on continuing to offer safe haven for refugees and those oppressed across the globe.

If the bill does not pass, we will try to work with the administration and Congress to create alternatives. That would mean we would look at individual pieces of legislation which would not necessarily be as comprehensive as the current Senate Bill, but would target specific needs of the populations that are coming in.

The refugee program has changed dramatically over the past 10 or 15 years because we have moved from resettling political exiles from Eastern Europe who were fleeing communism, to turning this program into a humanitarian lifesaving operation that brings in the most vulnerable. The United States is the only major resettlement country that does not take the integration potential of newly arriving refugees into consideration when they make their determination of who is to be admitted. That decision is based solely on the vulnerability . That is something we should be extremely proud of, because no other major resettlement country does it that way. We need to preserve that. And our membership is definitely dedicated to doing so in years to come.

For more information on Refugee Council USA, please visit their site. For more information on immigration law and news, please visit our Immigration Laws Page.

Interviewed with Erol Kekic of Refugee Council USA, New York, New York

Champions of Refugee Rights – The Refugee Council USA

Introduction:

The Refugee Council USA (RCUSA) is an umbrella organization that represents its member organizations in advocating for the protection and rights of refugees and asylum seekers in the United States. The RCUSA was founded in 2000, and since then, it has been actively working to provide support to refugees and lobby for refugee and asylum policies that are just and humane. This article discusses the significant contributions of the RCUSA in championing refugee rights in the United States.

Advocating for refugee rights:

The RCUSA has been advocating for refugee rights by building a national network of organizations that work together to protect the rights of refugees and asylum seekers. The RCUSA works closely with policymakers and government officials to ensure that refugee policies are fair, just, and humane. RCUSA participates in congressional hearings, briefings, and meetings with policymakers to bring the voices of refugees to the forefront of the policy discussions.

Raising awareness:

The RCUSA raises public awareness about the refugee crisis and advocates for the protection of refugees and asylum seekers. The RCUSA media campaigns aim to educate people about the experiences of refugees, including the challenges they face and the services available to support them. These campaigns create an environment of understanding and empathy, which encourages policymakers to create an inclusive refugee policy.

Supporting integration:

The RCUSA provides a range of services to refugees and asylum seekers to support their successful integration into American society. The RCUSA has developed an extensive network of community-based organizations that offer services such as language classes, employment support, counseling, and legal assistance. These services help refugees and asylum seekers to access the support they need to rebuild their lives and to become self-sufficient members of American society.

Promoting policy change:

The RCUSA has been working to promote positive refugee policies that are just and humane. The RCUSA has called for the expansion of refugee resettlement, comprehensive refugee protection, and an increase in funding for refugee assistance programs. The RCUSA has also been working to promote access to asylum and to ensure that the rights of asylum seekers are protected.

Conclusion:

The Refugee Council USA has been at the forefront of the efforts to champion the rights of refugees and asylum seekers. The RCUSA’s advocacy for fair and just refugee policies has helped to make a difference in the lives of thousands of refugees who have resettled in the United States. While much remains to be done to address the challenges facing refugees and asylum seekers, the RCUSA’s efforts have made a significant contribution to creating a more welcoming, just, and inclusive society.

Introduction

In the late 18th century, the United States of America was still an infant country struggling to define its national identity. It was during this period that the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress and signed into law by President John Adams. These laws marked a significant departure from American political tradition, blurring the line between legitimate dissent and criminal sedition. The Alien and Sedition Acts have since become a landmark moment in American history, raising important questions about the scope and reach of federal power.

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?

The Alien and Sedition Acts were a series of four laws passed by the U.S. Congress in 1798. They were enacted under the administration of President John Adams and were designed to protect the newly formed nation from foreign subversion and internal dissent. The four laws were:

1. The Naturalization Act – This law increased the residency requirement for aliens to become citizens from 5 to 14 years and authorized the president to deport any alien deemed dangerous to the security of the nation.

2. The Alien Friends Act – This law allowed the president to deport any alien considered a threat to national security during peacetime without a trial or due process.

3. The Alien Enemies Act – This law allowed the government to deport aliens from hostile nations during wartime and to detain them for the duration of the conflict.

4. The Sedition Act – This law made it a crime to criticize the President or Congress and imposed fines and imprisonment for anyone found guilty of such offenses.

Reasons for the Alien and Sedition Acts

The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed in response to a number of perceived threats to American national security. At the time, tensions were high between the United States and France, which had recently declared war on Great Britain. The French Revolution had also raised concerns about potential political instability and the spread of radical ideas.

The political climate in the U.S. was also becoming increasingly turbulent, with bitter partisan disputes between the Federalist Party, which controlled the government, and the Democratic-Republicans. The Federalists believed that the Sedition Act was necessary to stifle dissent and protect the government from opposition, while the Democratic-Republicans viewed it as an attack on the First Amendment right to free speech.

Controversy and Criticism

The Alien and Sedition Acts were immediately controversial and triggered a wave of opposition from both politicians and citizens. The Sedition Act, in particular, came under heavy criticism for its oppressive impact on free speech and the press.

Many Americans saw the Sedition Act as a flagrant violation of the First Amendment, which guaranteed the right to free speech and a free press. Several newspaper editors were arrested and tried under the law, including the renowned political journalist James Callender, who accused President John Adams of being a hoary-headed incendiary, who wished nothing more than to see the government overturned.

The Alien Acts also drew criticism for their perceived targeting of immigrants and for being a thinly disguised attempt to suppress opposition to the Federalist Party. The Naturalization Act, in particular, was seen as an attempt to limit the political power of immigrants, who tended to support the Democratic-Republicans.

Repeal and Legacy

The Alien and Sedition Acts proved to be highly controversial and politically divisive, and their impact on American society and politics was significant. Despite widespread opposition, the laws remained in effect for several years, and their legacy continues to shape the debate over the limits of federal power and freedom of speech in the United States.

The Alien Friends Act expired in 1800, while the Naturalization Act was amended in 1802 to revert back to the original 5-year residency requirement. The Sedition Act expired in 1801, but by then it had already had a profound impact on American political and legal philosophy. The Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison, decided in 1803, established the principle of judicial review and put the judiciary on an equal footing with the other branches of government.

Conclusion

The Alien and Sedition Acts represent a critical moment in American history, raising important questions about the balance between national security and individual freedoms. They were passed during a time of great uncertainty and political turbulence, and their lasting impact underscores the importance of adhering to the principles of free speech and the rule of law. Despite the controversy and criticism that surrounded their passage and implementation, the Alien and Sedition Acts remain a crucial part of the American political and legal heritage.

What is the Patriot Act?

Introduction to Patriot Act

The USA PATRIOT act is an acronym that stands for the “Uniting (and) Strengthening America (by) Providing Appropriate Tools Required (to) Intercept (and) Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001” which granted American law
enforcement unprecedented rights to gather intelligence and abridge civil liberties in the face of the terrorist threat to the United States.  The Patriot Act was passed by Congress by overwhelming margins in 2001, renewed in 2006 and once again extended by President Obama in 2011.

Provisions of the Patriot Act

There are ten parts to the Patriot Act, each concerning a different aspect of anti-terrorism efforts.  Only sections that remain in effect will be listed as many of the original sections expired in 2006.  Provisions of the Patriot Act were subject to sunset clauses, or a mandatory expiration by a certain date, requiring those provisions to be re-approved.

Title I of Patriot Act: Enhancing Domestic Security against Terrorism

Section 101 of Patriot Act – provides for an unlimited Counterterrorism Fund to compensate the Department of Justice for costs of assessing terror threats, paying rewards to informants and rebuilding facilities destroyed by terrorist attacks

Section 102 of Patriot Act – affirms the civil rights of South Asian, Arab and other Muslims in the United States
and condemns post-9/11 retaliation against these groups.  This section rejects collective responsibility for wrongdoing and affirms that these groups will be treated as individuals.

Section 103 of Patriot Act – Promises $200 million to the FBI for a Technical Support Center

Section 104 of Patriot Act – Allows for the intervention of military troops, with the consent of the Attorney
General, in the event non-chemical weapons of mass destruction are used against Americans domestically or abroad.

Section 105 of Patriot Act – Assigns the Secret Service with the task of creating a National Electronic Crime Task
Force for preventing fiduciary damage against the electronic finance systems

Section 106 of Patriot Act – The President is allowed to investigate the transactions of foreign nationals and countries and seize their assets, without due process if they participate on an attack against the United States.

The content of these sections represent an increase in Presidential power and the authorization of various
government agencies to investigate possible terrorist activity in the United States.

Title 2 of Patriot Act: Enhanced Surveillance Procedures

Section 203a/c of Patriot Act – Streamlined procedures to disclose information between the courts and the government during grand jury deliberations or proceedings.  Subsection c gave the authority to the Attorney General to establish the procedures by which this information is disclosed.

Section 205 of Patriot Act – Grants the FBI the power to employ translators to support counter terror operations
without typical limitation and regulations set on typical federal employees.  The Director of the FBI must
regularly disclose the number of translators employed in this manner to Congress.

Section 208 of Patriot Act – Amended from the original to require 11 (formerly 7) judges to review a surveillance order, with three judges living within 20 miles of the capital.

Section 210/11 of Patriot Act – Affirms the right of the government to force a communications provider to hand over records of electronic communication.

Section 213 of Patriot Act – The government may conduct searches without immediately notifying the suspect of
the warrant.  This is viewed as necessary to prevent the tipping off of co-conspirators.

Section 216  of Patriot Act – Limits the use of electronic surveillance equipment in investigations

Section 219 of Patriot Act – Allows judges to issues search warrants both in and outside of the jurisdiction that
pertain to a terrorism investigation.

Section 221 of Patriot Act – Refers to trade sanctions against state sponsors of terrorism, weapons proliferation and drug trafficking.

Section 222 of Patriot Act – Limits the degree of cooperation of a telecommunications provider and law enforcement to the provisions of the Patriot Act alone.

Title II has previously given sweeping power to federal authorities to intercept communications that might be related to terrorist plots but many of those provisions have since expired.  There are now limitations on the use of surveillance devices and the ability of law enforcement to conduct searches.  Many of the provisions, such
as delayed notifications of warrants apply in domestic law as well.  Ongoing investigations started prior to 2006
retain the expired provisions until he conclusion of the investigation.  Critics have argued that this section does
not provide reasonable safeguards against the harassment of innocent civilians by law enforcement by compromising their electronic privacy.

Title III of Patriot Act – International Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001

Subtitle A – This section is comprised of regulations to prevent money laundering including restrictions on certain types of bank accounts, financial institutions’ relationships with foreign entities and increasing communication between these institutions and the government.  It also increased criminal penalties for
money laundering for the purposes of financing attacks, corruption and trafficking.

Subtitle B – Banks must now notify US Intelligence if they see suspicious activity in bank accounts and require the reporting of foreign currency over $10,000.  The bank cannot be held liable for the disclosure of personal information to federal authorities.

Subtitle C – This section deals primarily with currency smuggling by stopping the movement of bulk currency to be sold on the black market.  It is a criminal offense to conceal currency over $10,000 on one’s person or in luggage.  Failure to report the currency subjects it to forfeiture.

Title IV of Patriot Act – Protecting the Border

Subtitle A – The section provides for the protection of the Northern Border with Canada by increasing the number of personnel available to monitor the border.  This set extra pay and overtime to Border Patrol and other enforcement personnel watching the border.  This section also appropriated more funds to upgrade border security

Subtitle B – This amended the Immigration and Nationality Act to prohibit representatives of foreign terrorist organizations from entering the US.  Their family may also be prohibiting from entering the United States depending on the circumstances.  This is to prevent the possibility of attacks or the collection of funds to finance future attacks.  This act also provides the language and structure to classify terrorist organizations and what actions constitute a terrorist attack.  The Secretary of State has the ability to declare organizations as terrorists and this designation can be reviewed and renewed every two years.

Subtitle B also provides for mandatory detention provisions for aliens engaged in terrorist activity or espionage for up to 90 days for 6 months if the detainee is confirmed to be a threat to national security.  This process is
subject to judicial review and the number of aliens detained must be reported to the Attorney General.  Additional provisions required the monitoring of foreign students and the sharing of information about potential terrorism suspects with other foreign jurisdictions.

Subtitle C – This section allowed the preservation of the rights of immigrants that have had loved ones killed as a result of terrorist acts or renewal proceedings disrupted as a result of terrorist attacks in the Fall of 2001
(including anthrax attacks).  Two years immediately after the attacks those who had lost loved ones could receive US citizenship after filing a petition with the US Attorney General.

Title V of Patriot Act – Removal of Obstacles to Investigating Terrorism

The eight sections of this act provide for

–    The payment of awards to those that inform on terrorists (Section 501) or offers intelligence that allows for the significant disruption or dismantling of a terrorist organization (Section 502)

–    Cooperation with local law enforcement by sharing intelligence obtained from abroad to prevent attacks (Section 503)

–    Absolving educational institutions of liability for releasing records to law enforcement (Section 507)

–    Broad powers to the Secret Service to investigate computer fraud (Section 506)

The section also included provisions to allow an alternative subpoena, called a National Security Letter, which allowed the FBI and other government agencies to force organizations turn over records to the government on particular individuals (Section 505).  These organizations were forbidden to challenge the NSL and were forbidden to reveal the request due to a gag order.  The use of SELS was challenged in Doe v. Ashcroft in 2004 and was found to be unconstitutional and subject to stringent regulations to prevent abuse.  Doe v Ashcroft would continue through the appointment of other attorney generals up until the present Attorney General
Eric Holder.  Federal courts finally ruled against the government opposing the lack of a process to challenge the
subpoena and the lack of a right for the subpoenaed party to disclose the subpoena.  The NSL is currently under review and may proceed to the Supreme Court.

Title VI of Patriot Act: Victims and families of victims of terrorism

This Title provided relief funds for families that have lost members due to terrorist attacks.  This covers emergency workers as well as the general public.  The relief fund may include private donors and has been expanded to include all US possessions, including Puerto Rico and the US Pacific Territories.

Title VII of Patriot Act: Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection

This section streamlines communication between the government and law enforcement and allows them to cross jurisdictions to investigate terrorist conspiracies.  It further defines terrorism as a criminal activity.

Title VIII of Patriot Act: Terrorism criminal law

This section redefines several crimes such as assassination, kidnapping, racketeering and cyber warfare as acts of terror.  Specifically this Title created a special punishment for attacking a mass transit system punishable with life imprisonment for the death of any person.

Additional penalties included a prohibition on harboring terrorists subject to imprisonment of up to ten years,
seizing the assets of individuals or organizations involved in terrorism and punishing those that provided material assistance to terrorists.  The last provision was amended to clarify the definition of “material assistance” as the original wording was broad and could subject innocent or unknowing collaborators to unfair charges.

Title IX of Patriot Act: Improved Intelligence

This section improves procedures to disseminate intelligence gathered from electronic sources to the US Attorney General in regards to investigating foreign sources.

Title X of Patriot Act: Miscellaneous

These are a number of unrelated provisions including penalties for impersonating a Red Cross workers, training
foreign police organizations and studying the use of biometric information linked to the FBI database at border security checkpoints.

U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants marks World Refugee Day

Every year, on June 20, the United Nations marks World Refugee Day. The day is aimed at raising awareness about the plight of refugees and the need to protect their rights. To commemorate the day, the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI) organizes events and activities to support refugees and raise public awareness about their challenges.

What is the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants?

The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants is a non-profit organization that provides essential services and support for refugees, asylees, and immigrants. The organization aims to advance the rights and well-being of these individuals and help them rebuild their lives in the United States.

The USCRI partners with government agencies, non-profit organizations, and other stakeholders to provide legal, social, and economic support to refugees. The organization also provides educational resources for refugees and promotes policies that protect their rights.

USCRI’s initiatives for World Refugee Day

To celebrate and raise awareness about World Refugee Day, the USCRI has organized various initiatives:

1. Refugee Voices Project: This project aims to raise awareness about the experiences of refugees and their journey to the United States. Through this initiative, USCRI highlights the voices and stories of refugees and recognizes their contributions to society.

2. Virtual walk & run: In partnership with the Refugees International, the USCRI organizes a virtual walk and run to raise funds for refugees. Participants can register and complete the walk or run on their own time and raise funds to support USCRI’s programs.

3. Educational resources: The USCRI provides educational resources for schools, universities, and other organizations to raise awareness about refugees and their challenges. These resources include documentaries, research reports, and educational toolkits.

4. Advocacy campaigns: The USCRI also engages in advocacy campaigns to promote policies that protect the rights of refugees and immigrants. The organization advocates for legislative and administrative changes that improve the lives of refugees and asylum-seekers.

Why is World Refugee Day important?

World Refugee Day is an important day as it highlights the plight of refugees and reminds us of their challenges. According to the United Nations, there are over 26 million refugees worldwide who have been forced to flee their homes due to persecution, conflict, or violence. These individuals face numerous challenges such as lack of access to basic resources and services, discrimination, and trauma.

World Refugee Day provides an opportunity for us to stand in solidarity with refugees and support their rights. It also reminds us of the importance of promoting and protecting human rights, particularly for vulnerable communities.

Conclusion

The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants plays a vital role in supporting refugees and advocating for policies that protect their rights. Through its initiatives for World Refugee Day, the organization raises awareness, mobilizes support, and promotes policies that improve the lives of refugees and immigrants. World Refugee Day provides us with an opportunity to reflect on the challenges faced by refugees and take action to support them.

On December 4, 2000, the United Nations declared June 20 to be World Refugee Day. World Refugee Day is a global event that aims to raise awareness of the plight of the tens of millions of refugees and internally displaced persons around the globe. Beyond aiming to raise awareness, World Refugee Day is a great opportunity to honor the courage and determination of refugees the world over.

One organization here in the United States that has been a champion for refugee rights is the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI). Founded in 1911, USCRI serves uprooted people, regardless of their race, nationality, ideology or social group. It provides opportunities and tools for both refugees and immigrants nationally, fights the warehousing of refugees globally, serves victims of human trafficking and advocates to protect the rights of unaccompanied immigrant children.

(More on News at LAWS.com, contact Adam for interviews “adama@laws.com”)

The following is an interview conducted by laws.com with Roberto Ponce, Director of Communications, and Ana White, Director of Government and Community Relations at USCRI, on how they are celebrating World Refugee Day and what USCRI is doing to help raise awareness of the plight of refugees and what you can do to help.

Often times when people hear the term ‘refugee’, their mind conjures up images of displaced persons living in camps in some far off corner in Africa. However, there are many refugees seeking shelter in the United States, aren’t there?

There are many refugees seeking protection in the United States and other countries. Unfortunately, only about one percent of them have a chance to start a new life in a new country through resettlement. We are projected to receive 70,000 refugees and 4000 Special Immigrant Visa holders in the United States this year.

Eight million out of the world’s 16 million refugees are warehoused – which means they live in a refugee camp. Many of them are living in terrible conditions and this must end!

Is USCRI launching any special projects or initiatives in celebration of World Refugee Day?

World Refugee Day is a great opportunity to call attention to the pleas of refugees around the world! So this year we are actually going to be focusing on refugee women and girls. Most refugees are women and children, and women and girls are impacted in many ways and face tremendous barriers in terms of accessing services from healthcare to education. They are also often victims of abuse and sexual based violence. USCRI is trying to bring attention to their needs and ensure that there are adequate programs servicing the needs of refugee women and girls.

We are also highlighting the courage and resilience of refugee women and girls. So this World Refugee Day, we are highlighting five stories of five refugee women who were resettled by USCRI and by our partner agencies and offices in five different locations. The stories chronicle the moment they fled their country of origin, and the courage they had and how they used that to succeed and integrate in the United States. These stories are essentially messages of hope, and will give a human face to the issue of resettlement.

This is what USCRI is doing in the DC office, but our field offices have many other amazing plans for World Refugee Day. Our Field offices are holding events that not only bring together refugees, but also bring together the communities that welcome refugees. For example in our office in Dearborn Michigan there will be a refugee celebration that will feature an Iraqi band that will perform in both English and Arabic. Our Albany office is hosting a World Refugee Picnic, a very popular event, where people bring food and games so the community can get a taste of different cultures. And our Des Moines office is hosting a farmers market where refugees can sell and showcase foods and produce from their culture.

All these events have occurred over this past week, and they are events that try to engage the community and the refugees living within them.

How can the public get involved in helping USCRI in its mission to provide aid to countless, vulnerable refugees?

There are a number of ways the public can get involved to help refugees in their own community. Donated items such as clothes, furniture and personal hygiene products are in high demand. Job training programs and English language programs are also needed. You can help by donating directly to USCRI to fund these critical programs. People are encouraged to visit www.refugees.org/donate to support the work we do and to learn more about donating items to local offices.

You can be confident that USCRI uses your donation responsibly because 97 percent of every dollar donated is spent directly on programs to help refugees. We have top ratings from the Better Business Bureau and Charity Watch. Whether you want to donate time, talent or money you can contact your local USCRI office to make a difference on World Refugee Day.

For more information on USCRI, please visit their site. For more information on immigration laws and news, please visit our Immigration Laws Page. 
Interviewed with Roberto Ponce, Ana White, Washington, D.C. by Adam Abdelaziz.

ISAAC – Approaching the Issue of Immigration the Christian Way

Introduction

Immigration is a complex issue that affects many nations worldwide. Many countries have been grappling with issues surrounding immigration for many years. The immigration process has undergone many changes over the years, and it affects various aspects of a society, including the economy, identity, and justice. The Christian community is not immune to these effects, and Christians should be at the forefront of finding solutions and making a positive difference.

The Immigration Story

Throughout history, the United States has been a land of immigrants. People from all over the world have come to America in search of a better life, improved opportunities, or to escape persecution in their homelands. According to the Pew Research Center, there were approximately 44.9 million immigrants in the United States as of 2019, representing 13.7% of the population (Cohn, Passel, & Gonzalez-Barrera, 2020). At times, however, immigration has been met with resistance, revealing deep-seated fears and prejudices regarding the perceived negative impact of immigration on the economy, culture, and identity.

The Christian Response

The Christian response to immigration should be shaped by the principles of love, compassion, and justice. As followers of Christ, Christians are called to love their neighbors as themselves and to treat others with dignity and respect. Several Christian organizations have taken up the mantle of advocating for immigrants’ rights and supporting them in various ways. One such organization is ISAAC.

The International Society for Alienated and Marginalized People (ISAAC) is a Christian organization committed to serving refugees and immigrants worldwide. ISAAC was founded in 1984 by Dr. Kenneth Mitchell, a former missionary in the Philippines who saw a need to assist refugees in the Philippines and help them resettle in other countries. The organization has since expanded to serve refugees and immigrants globally, partnering with churches and other organizations to provide assistance, advocacy, and awareness.

Principles Guiding ISAAC

ISAAC’s mission is based on the following principles:

1. Love. ISAAC believes that love is the foundation for all Christian work and ministry, and that Christ’s love should be extended to all people, regardless of race, culture, or religion.

2. Compassion. ISAAC is driven by a deep sense of compassion for the plight of refugees and immigrants and seeks to provide practical assistance and support to help them integrate into their new communities.

3. Justice. ISAAC believes that justice is a fundamental biblical principle and that Christians have a responsibility to advocate for the rights of those who are marginalized and oppressed.

ISAAC’s Approach to Immigration

ISAAC’s approach to immigration is guided by the above principles and informed by the organization’s experiences working with refugees and immigrants. The following are some ways ISAAC approaches immigration.

Advocacy

ISAAC believes in advocating for the rights of refugees and immigrants. This includes lobbying governments and other organizations to enact policies that protect refugees’ and immigrants’ human rights. ISAAC advocates for policies that promote family reunification, protect refugees’ and immigrants’ rights to work and access to education and healthcare, and ensure the safe and dignified return of people who flee their homes due to conflict or persecution.

Awareness

ISAAC seeks to raise public awareness about the plight of refugees and immigrants. The organization conducts awareness campaigns and training programs for churches and other organizations, which aim to increase understanding of refugees’ and immigrants’ situations. ISAAC’s goal is to sensitize people to the issues surrounding refugees and immigrants, dispel myths and stereotypes, and promote greater compassion and understanding.

Assistance

ISAAC provides practical assistance to refugees and immigrants. The organization helps refugees and immigrants access basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing, as well as job training and placement, legal assistance, and language classes. ISAAC enlists the help of volunteers from local churches and other organizations to provide support and care to refugees and immigrants.

Conclusion

The issue of immigration is complex, and its effects are far-reaching. In addressing the issue, Christians should be guided by the principles of love, compassion, and justice. ISAAC is one Christian organization that has taken up the mantle of advocating for refugees and immigrants’ rights and providing practical assistance and support. Christians must continue to embrace the call to love our neighbors and to serve the marginalized and oppressed.

The Gang of Eight senators set out to reform the immigration system in profound ways through the immigration reform legislation that is being debated the Senate. The bill aims to increase border security, expand legal immigration for a decade, and, controversially, grant legal status to the 11 million undocumented immigrants in the United States. It is especially this last provision which has gained the support of many religious and social justice organizations.

(More on News at LAWS.com, contact Adam for interviews “adama@laws.com”)

Once such organization is  a collaborative ministry between Baptist University of the Américas and the Baptist General Convention of Texas that is called the Immigration Service and Aid Center (ISAAC). It seeks to properly equip ministries and other organizations with the tools to cater to the needs of the immigrant community. Naturally, ISAAC tackles the issue of immigration and immigrants from a Christian perspective.

The following is an interview with Dr. Jesus Romero, Project Coordiantor of ISAAC and Professor of Spanish and Chair of the Department of Modern Languages at Baptist University of the Américas,  who speaks to laws.com about ISAAC’s views on immigration reform.

How do you feel about the immigration-reform bill being debated in the Senate?

I feel hopeful, perhaps guardedly hopeful, but nonetheless hopeful. This is the closest we have been to a reform of any kind! Even though the proposal is not perfect, I am hopeful about the positive elements in the bill.

What are some of the key changes you would like to see happen to U.S. immigration policy?

One element of concern to us at ISAAC is family unity. Although this bill puts people on a pathway to citizenship, we are a bit concerned that some preference categories may be eliminated. Not that we do not want more skilled people, that makes sense from an economic perspective, but, from a pastoral perspective, we do not want to see families in any form of disunity, so I wish this portion of the bill was more generous.

How are you addressing the issue of immigration from a Christian perspective?

When one starts taking a serious look at the Bible, one realizes that the history of faith is a history of migration. It is a story of different migrations, going all the way back to Adam and Eve migrating from the Garden of Eden to Earth. Abraham himself was an immigrant from present-day Iraq who was called by God to leave his place and go somewhere else where he would be a blessing to the nations.

Jesus Christ himself migrated from Heaven to Earth to become a man and reconcile all men to God. His incarnation takes place as a cosmic migration of sorts, but no sooner does he get to Earth does he get persecuted by an evil king trying to kill him, so his family is forced to take him and migrate to Egypt!

Jesus teaches to love others the way we love ourselves. The story that demonstrates this is that of the Good Samaritan. A Samaritan, a man part of a culture despised by mainstream Jewish culture at the time, is the one who helps a man in need on the road. The migrant is the good samaritan of our day.  He is our neighbor, and just like us, he is created in the image of God.  As Christians, we must love this stranger as we love ourselves.

What are some of the accomplishments of ISAAC?

Our best accomplishment has been in the area of training. Part of our mandate is to help other churches and other nonprofit religious organizations go through process of recognition and accreditation  with the Board of Immigration Appeals so they can provide legal services to immigrants.

What are some of the future plans for ISAAC?

We decided to apply for our own accreditation and recognition with the Board of Immigration Appeals, which was granted last April! We are planning on opening an office on the campus of Baptist University of the Américas. Beyond this, we want to expand our training so that we train in more places in Texas and elsewhere in the nation.

For more information on ISAAC, please visit their site.  For more information on immigration law and news, please visit our Immigration Laws Page.

Interviewed with Jesus, Romero, San Antonio, Texas by Adam Abdelaziz